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What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) ?


A) high levels of vitamin D
B) high levels of vitamin C
C) low blood calcium ion levels
D) high blood calcium ion levels

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Calcitonin functions to:


A) increase bone deposition.
B) stimulate bone resorption.
C) increase blood calcium ion levels.
D) stimulate osteoclast activity.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses arriving from many directions?


A) compact bone
B) osteon bone
C) spongy bone
D) lamellar bone

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following does NOT correctly depict the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) ?


A) PTH stimulates osteoclast activity.
B) PTH stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium ions.
C) PTH decreases blood calcium ion concentration.
D) PTH weakens the bones.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Outline the events of intramembranous ossification.

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Intramembranous ossification begins when...

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What is the first step of bone repair?


A) primary bone is replaced with secondary bone
B) bone callus formation
C) soft callus formation
D) hematoma formation

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Within the epiphyseal plate,which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae?


A) zone of reserve cartilage
B) zone of proliferation
C) zone of ossification
D) zone of hypertrophy

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Thin,broad bones should be classified as:


A) irregular bones.
B) long bones.
C) short bones.
D) flat bones.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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A hypothetical drug reduces osteoblast activity,but has no effect on osteoclast activity.Predict the effects of this hypothetical drug on bone resorption and bone deposition.

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Osteoclasts are active in bone...

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What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?


A) compact bone
B) fibrocartilage
C) hyaline cartilage
D) spongy bone

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of:


A) vitamin A,vitamin C,and chlorine.
B) sodium,calcium,and vitamin E.
C) calcium,magnesium,and vitamin B.
D) calcium,vitamin C,and vitamin K.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Relatively inactive bone cells that help to maintain the ECM are:


A) osteocytes.
B) osteoclasts.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteogenic cells.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?


A) osteoclasts
B) lacuna
C) osteocytes
D) osteoblasts

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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